|
 |
Buddhist dances are performed with Pompae and are
divided roughly into four; Baramu [cymbals dance], Nabimu[butterfly
dance], Beopgomu[drum dance], Tajumu[similar dance to Nabimu]. Vocal
devotion toward Buddha's greatness and performance devotion by means
of dances do not have any solid records on their origin. There are
a couple of tales on its account. One says that monks imitated Gaseop,
who had worn a knowing smile and had danced in response when Buddha
had preached the Lotus Sutra at Mt. Yeongchwi and had showed him a
flower in four heavenly colors. Another says, when Jo Jageon (=Jo
Sik) of China climbed on a mountain there came a strange sound from
Brahma-Deva, and many fish danced to the sound. Pompae was composed
similar to the sound and monk dances were made similar to the movements
of fish. It is not certain when buddhist dances began to be performed
as a part of religious ceremonies. Gamro-tanghwa[buddhist painting]
at Yeongdan (Gamrodan) shows buddhist dances, which were Yukbeop-gongyang
toward Buddha and prayers for the heavenly souls for their return
to lives in heaven. However, buddhist dance was prohibited by the
rule of Japanese Government General of Korea as well as Pompae, and
went downhill even after the Independence because of the dispute in
Korean Buddhism. Presently, only few temples such as Bongwonsa, Baekryeonsa,
Anjeongsa of Korean Taego Buddhist Order continue its tradition.
 |
|
Types
|
Costume
|
Instruments
|
Name of Dances |
| Baramu |
Gasa
Jangsam
|
Taejing, drum, wooden gong
Bara[cymbals], drum, Samhyeon, Yukgak
|
Cheonsu-bara, Sadarani-bara, Hwauijae-bara,
Gwan-yoksoe-bara, Naerimge-bara, Yojap-bara, Myeongbal |
| Nabimu |
Yuksu-jangsam |
Taejing, drum, wooden gong
Chwitaak, amhyeon, Yukgak
|
Hyanghwage, Unsimge, Sangwiui, Ogongyang,
Guwon-geopjung, Doryangge, Dage, Jagwibul, Mandara, Sabangyosin,
Jeongrye, Guigyeong, Moranchan, Samnamtae, Daegak-seokgajon |
| Tajumu |
Yuksu-jangsam
|
Gwangsoe at Sikdang-Jakbeop
Taejing and Samhyeon
Yukgak, chwitaak
|
dance movements during Sikdang-jakbeop
such as Gwangsoe sound after Dangjwachang at Sikdang-jakbeop
<Sometimes Tajumu is classified into the same category
with Nabimu>
|
| Beopgomu |
Gasa-jangsam
Yuksu-jangsam
|
Taejing,wooden gong,drum,chwitaak,Samhyeon,Yukgak,
Dances which are harmonized with instruments |
|
|
|
Nabimu [Butterfly Dance]
In Nabimu [butterfly dance] the costume which is long sleeved white
robe with floor touching length, and a red ribbon is tied to keep
in position of colorful Yeongja drapes on either side of body, front
and back. Accompanied with a Gokkal[pagoda shaped head covering],
its beauty attracts the audiences. As the Eojang monk declares the
opening, saying "Chakpok sohasipsiyo[do Chakpok]," the monks
move lightly like a flying butterfly and dance to the Beomeum sound
of Eojang monk and the rhythm of Taejing. There are solo dance called
Hyangnabichum, duo dance called Ssangnabichum [duo butterfly dance],
and quintet dance called Ohyaengnabichum [five Hyaengnabi dance].
In Ohyaengnabi dance four monks dance in each of four directions and
one dances in the center. To dance Nabimu both arms are stretched
straight a little above the each shoulder, and whenever both hands
are closed or gathered they should be at higher position than belly
button. Every movement is slow and slight and never flippant, with
constant gazing of tip of nose. Foot shapes always letter "J"
in each step and left knee supports high the right one in case of
knee bending movements. There are 16 kinds of Nabimu, they are Hyanghwage,
Unsimge, Samgwiui, Moranchan, Ogongyang, Guwon-geopjung, Doryangge,
Dage, Guigyeong, Samnamtae, Jagwibul, Mandara, Sabangyosin, Jeongrye,
Jiokge and Daegakseokgajon. At Yeongsanjae of Bongwonsa[temple] Ohyaengnabimu
was performed. And at Yeouido National Ceremony in 1988, Han-gang[river]
Lotus Lantern Ceremony in 1991 and National Ceremony praying satisfactory
completion of Daejeon Expo in 1993, Nabimu by more than 12 monks was
performed. To dance Nabimu the monk holds the paper-made peony flowers
and shows very gentle and feminine movements like the dancing fairy
girl.
Baramu [cymbals dnace]
Bara is a musical instrument, also called Yojab. It is made of copper
and shaped of a well trimmed pot lid upside down. To dance Baramu
both hands holding Baras are moving upward in same time or one after
another, and body moves according to the rhythm of Taejing. Each foot
is shaping the letter "J" in turning movements. And keep
the body straight and gaze the tip of the nose. Baras stay above the
forehead and move down to belly button, but never below of it. Costumes
are Jangsam[long sleeved buddhist robe] and Gasa. Recently the costume
of Nabimu, Yuksujangsam is used sometimes in Baramu. (Originally the
costume of Baramu is only Jangsam with Gasa.) Baramu shows swiftness
and strength from its fast rhythm. Baramu in solo is called Oebara
or Pyungbara, in duo is called Gyeopbara, and in trio is called Ssangbara.
At National Ceremony (Yeongsanjae) praying national prosperity and
flourish in 1988 even numbered Baramu with more than 20 monks was
performed. There are 7 types of Baramu. They are Cheonsubara which
is chanting of Simmyojanggudaedarani in Cheonsugyeong with rhythm
(about 5 minutes of duration), Sadarani Baramu which is a series of
four Darani and Myeongbara(myeongbal) which is performed by two monks
moving crossward side by side in front of the outdoor hanging Buddha
painting. Also Naerimgebara which is danced to the Taejing of Naerimge,
after prayer to Buddha and just before the third Hyangwhacheong in
front of Buddha is one of them. And more of Gwanyoksoebara which is
performed in the bathing ceremony for the deceased to delight the
happiness. In Gwanyoksoebara the striking method of Taejing is very
unique. It is said that the doors of Yukdo [six worlds of Buddha]
open at the sound of Taejing, or that it means Yukbaramil [six ways
of training for Bodhisattva]. The rest of two are Hwauijaebara and
Yojapbara. In Yojapbara (so called Botongbara [normal Bara] and Beongaebara
[lightening Bara]) the sound of Taejing comes in the same time. At
the similar metal sound of two instruments the dance is performed.
Always after Nabimu there follows Yojapbara dance. In the harmony
of Samhyeon Yukgak such as Taejing, drum, wooden gong and Hojeok,
it is believed that their sound help the salvation of suffering lives
in the six worlds.
Beopgomu [Drum dances]
Beopgomu is a salvation dance for the animal lives. Usually it is
performed at the end of Nabimu or Yojapbaramu, and at Sikdangjakbeop.
The monk drums on one side with holding drum sticks in both hands
and glaring at the face of drum, and dances to the rhythm of Taejing,
which is played by Eojang monk, on the opposite side of the stage.
Mixed with the sound of Samhyeon Yukgak [types of instruments] and
Hojeok [a wood wind instrument similar to shawn] the movements are
getting faster in accordance with the fast rhythm of Taejing. It is
the mixture of calmness and movement in one dance. (4-8 minutes of
duration)
Tajumu
In Yeongsanjae Tajumu is performed only at the Sikdangjakbop. It dances
to praise the virtue of service in acknowledgement of Bodhisattva,
Buddha, His teachings, monks, givers, takers and offerings in front
of Buddha statue. Two monks in Nabimu costume are sitting against
each side of Paljeongdo structure with one striking stick for each.
At the sound of Kyeongsoe and as Eojang monk strikes Taejing and begins
chanting, they stand up face to face and dance. Raising the striking
stick right and left, then turn three times around the Paljeongdo
structure with the stick kept above the right shoulder. Return to
original position face to face. And raising again the striking stick
right and left then stand up or sit down against each other's back.
(40 minutes to one hour of the duration for Sikdangjakbop)
|
|
